Technologies
Explore the radio access, core network, and service-layer technologies defined across 3GPP releases.
LTE
The foundational 4G radio access technology built around OFDMA/SC-FDMA and the flat E-UTRAN architecture.
Introduced Rel-8
LTE-Advanced
The first release to meet ITU IMT-Advanced requirements, adding carrier aggregation and higher-order MIMO.
Introduced Rel-10
LTE-Advanced Pro
Extends LTE toward 5G-like capabilities with NB-IoT, LAA, and massive MIMO enhancements.
Introduced Rel-13
5G NR
The 5G air interface, supporting both non-standalone and standalone deployments across FR1 and FR2.
Introduced Rel-15
5G-Advanced
The evolution of 5G NR starting at Rel-18, adding AI/ML-native features, NTN, and RedCap enhancements.
Introduced Rel-18
IMS
The access-agnostic subsystem delivering VoIP, VoLTE, VoNR, and multimedia services over IP.
Introduced Rel-5
EPC
The all-IP core network introduced alongside LTE, comprising the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
Introduced Rel-8
Security
The cross-generation set of authentication, key management, and ciphering specifications.
Introduced R99
UMTS
The original 3G system built on WCDMA radio access and an evolved GSM/GPRS core.
Introduced R99
GPRS
The packet-switched overlay for GSM, providing the 3GPP packet core lineage that EPC evolved from.
Introduced R99
5GC
The service-based, cloud-native core network architecture underpinning 5G NR.
Introduced Rel-15
VoLTE
IMS-based voice service delivered natively over the LTE packet-switched network.
Introduced Rel-9